Climate Change - Maldives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Change - Maldives - Essay Example The general effect of ascending of the ocean level is flooding or even submergence of low-lying waterfront territories. Accordingly, low lying islands like the Maldives Islands that lie around 8 feet over the ocean level are probably going to be lowered. This is because of projections that the ocean level is probably going to ascend for around 8 feet throughout the following century. Environmental change won't just undermine the economy, culture and condition of Maldives, yet in addition the presence of the nation (Knox, 2009). In this manner, there is requirement for the nation to reconsider its international strategy so as to viably push for worldwide activity on environmental change. On the off chance that the administration can't successfully campaign for worldwide activity on environmental change, at that point the residents of Maldives will lose their nation in the following century. As indicated by the projections discharged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the normal worldwide ascent in ocean level will be somewhere in the range of 0.09m and 0.37m in the coming decades (Radic, 2008). This is probably going to either lower the nation’s sea shores or increment sea shore disintegration and achieve higher tempest floods that compromise the country’s biodiversity (Dunya, 2015). Loss of biodiversity would put the country’s condition at peril as it will bring about annihilation of different creature and plant species. Expanded profundities may frustrate development of coral polyps which will thus influence fish reproducing and the country’s angling grounds. The loss of the coral reef biodiversity will devastatingl y affect human settlement in Maldives Islands. The ascent in ocean implies that salt water will barge in into new water sources in the nation which will affect adversely on agribusiness and earthbound biological systems (WorldBank, 2010). Disintegration and submergence of sea shores in the Maldives Islands implies that the nation will no longer get vacationers. This will be the most exceedingly awful monetary disaster to the country since its economy to a great extent relies upon outside trade earned from the travel industry division. In

The Effects of Divorce on Children Essay -- Divorce and Adolescent Dep

Presentation In America, around one in each two relationships will end in separate. Around 60% of those separating from couples have youngsters. (Cherlin, 2012). Half of the relationships in America end in separation, and the greater part of those couples have youngsters, which implies that about each other separation that is documented in America, a kid is affected. Somewhere in the range of 850,000 and 950,000 separations happen every year. (National Center for Health Statistics, CDC., 2014). Given that generally 60% of those separating from couples have in any event one kid, in any event 510,000 kids are influenced a year. Appraisals have been done to propose that sooner rather than later, 70% of separations could include youngsters younger than eighteen. (Square, Block, and Gjerde, 1986). In light of the enormous number of youngsters in America having broken families, it is imperative to comprehend the impacts of separation on children’s' everyday lives with the goal that they might be accommodated in a legitimate and helpful manner. Changes in the Family There are various results that the impact of a separation may have on a kid. In spite of the fact that separation isn't generally a positive thing, some of the time there are situations where a family is in an ideal situation along these lines. As per investigate, the bond kept up among parent and kid is the primary change that plays a factor on the youngster's result when a separation occurs. The connections among guardians and their kids were seen as more compelling than the parents’ conjugal status. Negative impacts were invalid if connections stayed unblemished after the separation. Be that as it may, in some cases the capacity to keep these connections intently weave simply isn't as straightforward as it was before the separation. Keeping a relationship flawless is particularly hard for the non-custodial parent. (He... ...du/wp-content/transfers/destinations/28/2012/02/Cherlin_JMFmarriagepaper.pdf Harvey, J. H., and Fine, M. A. (2004). Offspring of separation accounts of misfortune and development. Jeynes, W. (2002). Separation, family structure, and the scholastic achievement of kids. New York: Haworth Press. Jost, K., and Robinson, M. Youngsters and separation. CQ Researcher, 1, 349-368. Stuart, I. R., and Abt, L. E.,. (1972). Offspring of partition and separation. New York: Grossman Forthcoming Trovato, (1987). A Longitudinal Analysis of Divorce and Suicide in Canada. Diary of Marriage and Family., Vol. 49., No. 1, pp.193-203. Robert H. Aseltine, Jr. (1996). Pathways Linking Parental Divorce With Adolescent Depression. Diary of Health and Social Behavior., Vol. 37, No.2., pp.133-148. Satoshi Tsujimoto, (2008). The Prefrontal Cortex: Functional Neural Development During Early Childhood, Neuroscientist 14:345.

Blog Archive Lead vs. Led and Not Overusing Techniques in Your Application Essays

Blog Archive Lead vs. Led and Not Overusing Techniques in Your Application Essays A common mistake we see in our clients’ MBA application essays is the misuse of the verb “lead.” A deeply entrenched and widespread misunderstanding seems to exist as to which spelling connotes present tense and which connotes past tense. One of our consultants even had a client raise his voice to her in passionate defenseâ€"of the wrong usage! In case you are not completely confident about this word yourself, we hope this blog post helps clear up the issue for you! Lead or Led? Leadâ€"verb, present tense, rhymes with “seed”â€"refers to actively and presently guiding others. “In my current position as managing director, I  lead  a team of six analysts in completing market analysis.” Ledâ€"verb, past tense, rhymes with “bed”â€"refers to the act of having guided others at an earlier time or at some point in the past. Led is both the past tense and the past participle of lead. “As part of my first job after college, I  led  two summer interns in a competitive assessment” and “I have  led multiple teams of salespeople during my five years at the firm.” Confusing the spelling and/or pronunciation of this verb’s different tenses is a simple mistake but one that stands out clearly to admissions professionals who have probably seen this verb more times in the past year than most people do in a lifetime! So, pay close attention to which is which, and be sure you are using the correct version every time. Another essay-related issue encountered by some applicants is changing the structure from one essay to the next. For example, a candidate might choose to use a quote at the beginning of an essay to create a sense of urgency: “This cannot be fixed. This cannot be fixed!” I stared blankly at the broken machinery and knew that the next few hours would be crucial… Using this kind of attention-grabbing technique can certainly be effective, but you should never use any technique more than once in an application. By starting more than one essay in the same manner, you are essentially telling the admissions reader that you understand how to use a gimmick but not how to tell a compelling story in your own way. This is also a quick way to lose your reader’s interest! Be sure to vary your approach with each new essay within a single application. We work with our candidates to ensure that their ideas are presented in fresh and different ways, to captivate the admissions committee with each introduction and, indeed, each essay. Share ThisTweet Essays

Police and Racial Profiling Essay examples - 1975 Words

The term â€Å"racial profiling† is used by agencies of law enforcement to describe an individual’s race or ethnicity as a factor in articulating reasonable suspicion to stop, question, or arrest an individual (Racial Profiling 2001: 1). Police officers have the discretion to make decisions regarding whom they stop. However, if any law enforcement employee profiles potential suspects based on their race or ethnicity they violate the civil rights of the individual. If you suspect someone of a crime based on their race and ethnicity you are violating the civil rights of these minority groups. If any officer suspects another officer of racial profiling they must notify their supervisor. When a situation like this comes up an†¦show more content†¦Community policing broadens the nature and number of police functions compared with traditional policing. It emphasizes organizational change, active problem solving, and external partnerships to address issues that co ncern both the police and citizens. Community policing shifts the focus of policing by placing equal emphasis on crime control, order maintenance, and service. By providing better training for police officers with the issues of police profiling will make the police officers more aware of police profiling. A major concern for many law enforcement agencies is the effect of not stopping individuals they feel are suspicious, because of racial profiling. They also argue that due to the increase of concerns in regards to racial profiling it might cause police officers from stopping crimes in progress (AZ Attorney General, 2001:2). The ethical issue that arises is that some officers fear retaliation for telling supervisors about others who profile based on race; others fear that data collected in stops could be misused to punish law enforcement personnel. The union and association representatives have raised their concerns regarding the discipline (AZ Attorney General, 2001:3). They state that any employee accused of racial profiling should be provided with progressive discipline beginning with training and counseling (AZ Attorney General, 2001:2) Another issue is the concerns ofShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling by Police Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages    There are many types of racism in America that cause people to make accusations against law enforcement for discrimination. One type of racism is racial profiling. It is a strategy that encourages police officers to stop and question minorities only because of their race. It takes place in a variety of routine police encounters. Unmotivated searches occur everyday among the minority groups. Could you imagine waking up and being scared to walk outside your house because of the color ofRead More Racial Profiling by Police Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesof our lives, including media, culture, and even the legal system. The police are there to protect and serve the community. Racial profiling has prevented police from serving all the community, because in their minds it has been segregated. This has often been disregarded while in reality, racial profiling has corrupted society’s perception of groups of people, especially in law enforcement. On our nations highways, police ostensibly looking for thugs and criminals routinely stop drivers basedRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of police brutality and racial profiling is an unfortunate part of today’s society that needs to be addressed. Blacks are being stopped and searched by police officers in greater numbers compared to other races, and sometimes these situations escalate into violence. In the essay Blue On Black Violence: Freddie Gray, Baltimore, South Africa, the Quietism of Africana Christian Theology, author Darryl Scriven, a Philosophy professor at Florida AM University, reports th at, â€Å"CNN reported thatRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesParanoids Turn Out to be Right,† acknowledges the issues of racism and racial profiling committed by police. In â€Å"Fist, Stick, Knife, Gun,† Geoffrey Canada also expresses views on this issue when he asserts that police fail to protect and serve individuals in poor neighborhoods. Staples contends, â€Å"Among the day-to-day acts of discrimination that shadow African Americans, none are more stressful or dangerous than those committed by police, some of whom treat black people as criminals until proved otherwiseRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Police Force875 Words   |  4 Pagesthis nation we should fight for change in the police force, attempt to cease the embodiment of racial profiling, and support the efforts of those striving to bring about change. Many people might argue that the lack of training in the police force is more harmful to the officers than the effect it has on society. Leslie Pfeiffer mentions in her article â€Å"† that the Federal government devotes a shocking amount of money toward training, yet local police agencies are often left to fend for themselves†Read MoreEssay on Racial Profiling by Police1228 Words   |  5 Pages Racial profiling has become a severe obstacle in the U.S. today though most Americans know very little of this vital issue. Every day, people are being pulled over, harassed, and even killed for being of a certain race. There are new laws that politicians are trying to pass that promote racial discrimination. Racial profiling is immoral and does not increase public safety. Incarceration rates are a definite proof that racial discrimination occurs. â€Å"Incarceration rates in the United StatesRead More Racial Profiling by Police Essays929 Words   |  4 Pagesseizures†¦ (108). Under the Fourth Amendment the legal constraints placed on police and the rules they must follow for â€Å"Stop and Frisk† happened as a result of the â€Å"Terry v. Ohio â€Å"case (162). The constraints are that the police cannot stopped and frisk people without reasonable suspicion probable cause or a warrant. Before 1968 the police could search a suspect only if they had probable cause. After the Terry case the police may conduct a frisk search of a suspect’s outer clothing only if there wasRead MorePolice and Racial Profiling Essay2724 Words   |  11 Pages Can we stop the unjust practice of racial profiling? Is it correct for Police Officers to stop a black driver for an alleged traffic offense to question and sometimes search the black driver? These questions provoke the need to understand racial profiling and racism along with what problems are involved and the possible solutions. Doesnt the use of race make sense? Isnt it really just good police work? The guarantee to all persons of equal protection under the law is one of the most fundamentalRead MorePolice Brutality And Racial Profiling1902 Words   |  8 PagesPolice brutality refers to the intentional utilization of vituperations or extortionate force directed towards a country s citizens by the police force. This extortionate force may be physical or in form of psychological dauntingness. Police brutality is highly evident in many countries all over the world especially in the news where such cases are reported. It is optically discerned as a form of police malfeasance which involves sexual abuse, police corruption, erroneous apprehends, racial profilingRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Police Force1951 Words   |  8 PagesIn modern day society, the police force is meant to safeguard the lives of those they serve, to eliminate crime, to ensure public safety, and to do so in an honorable fashion. They are meant to be respected and trusted by those they potentially protect. Children often looked at them as modern day superheroes. At some point however, something changed and the neighborhood hero transformed into the villain. What happens when the ones people reach out to in a time of distress become the ones causing

The Internet and Video Advertisement - 567 Words

A print advertisement is normally described as a newspaper, catalog, or magazine. Print advertising is one of the many drives for getting your post or message across to your general audience. Print advertisement is one of the most used ways and is one of the most used methods that has been effective. Print advertisement is known for working because the readers can see the products and actually read up on the product and find out the phone number, fax number, email address, and point of contact. In most print advertisements, the image has to be very strong and catchy and sometimes humorous. In a print advertisement, if it is humorous it is another effective way to engage the audience and the audience is more willing to pay attention. Video advertising is an online display that occurs on the internet. It is usually played before, during, or after a video stream. Internet websites like sky.com and itv.com have video advertising on their sites. In 2010, video advertising accounted for almost 13% of videos watched. Interaction within video advertisements online moves costumers to research the product or material more and they then are willing to buy what is being advertisement. It has been proven that 85% of video advertisements online are not achieving their goal to consumers, making the video advertisements worthless. Choosing the right video advertisement can mean so much for the product and the company. Tobacco is one of the most popular items in today’s economy. In orderShow MoreRelatedAdvertising Influences And Growth Of Advertising1731 Words   |  7 Pagesabundance of information on people. In-game advertisements appear on free games or applications that the user has on their phones and a valid solution to this problem is in-game rewards. The advertisement industry gets bigger each day and in-game advertisements are getting more adaptive to the user’s preferences. Many developers are making it their mission to give equal advantage to the user to earn some in-game rewards for watching their advertisement while they play their favorite game on theirRead MoreMedia Influence on Human Beings1215 Words   |  5 Pagesworld we know revolves around the Internet. Relying on the Internet for every important aspect of life. People depend on the Internet for research, bills, communication, and most importantly reading. Through experience, the Internet helps ease many obstac les but it also aids in generating greater complications. Nicolas Carr, author of is Google Making Us Stupid? Argued the negative effects of using the Internet (Carr). Carr explained that blinking advertisements and hyperlinks are just of the fewRead MoreYouTube, Google, and the Rise of Internet Video Case Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pages and the Rise of Internet Video Case Introduction: The recent trends in Internet video have provided opportunities in the market. Although many companies attempted to capitalize on this market opening, many firms were not successful. Google was unable to get a strong presence in the market with their Google Video service until it purchased YouTube in 2006. Combined the companies now accounted for four times as many users as their closest competitor in the Internet video market (Cool, SeitzRead MoreMedia And The Internet Has Made Huge Strides On The World Today1294 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and the internet have made huge strides on the world today. From television to internet advertising there are many benefits to Internet media and I will be examining them. The disadvantages will be addressed as well because media is not only just good. Internet has also made a big influence on society and the way we use it today. People all over the world are using internet to their advantage from being a business tool to being able use it recre ationally in the comfort of their home. PeopleRead MoreOnline Consumer Behavior1714 Words   |  7 Pagesmore practical thing for contemporary customer. It is explained by high internet penetration in every country, lower cost than in retail network, door to door delivery. Internet plays an important role nowadays; therefore it creates a new market, which sometimes is quite difficult to measure. Online shopping is different from the BM shopping due to the fact that there is no physical presence of goods, from other standpoint internet is able to sell way more services and motivation and decision makingRead MoreLearning Skills : A Unit 5 Lesson 91256 Words   |  6 Pages Semester A Unit 5 Lesson 9 Introduction and Objective We’ve looked at video resources to provide new information and have learned about other places you can search to find more on the topic you are studying. You search topics on the Internet and can find almost an unlimited amount of information. All of the different ways to find information, view information, and learn information can help in comprehension, as well as in deciding whether or not to believe an argument or opinion. Today sRead More2.08 body paragraph Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Advertisement Chart    How does the ad use  logos? How does the ad use  pathos? How does the ad use  ethos? Does the ad seem effective to you?   Explain your reasoning. Your favorite   electronic device   The video uses logos by saying that the IPhone 4s has 8 megapixels and all new optics which makes it more than the leading competition.         The video uses pathos by saying siri is an amazing assistant that listens to you and understands you when you need her.         The video uses ethosRead MoreEssay on Marketing With Social Media1627 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media is any form of Internet communication where users can create online communities, share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (Social). Social media has been one of the fastest growing online segments with 86% of people ages 18-29 using some form of social media in 2011 (Henrikson). The popularity of social media websites is only more impressive when shown the raw facts behind it. More than 600 million people were registered Facebook users at the end of 2010, overRead MoreHow Do Google’s Online Ad Revenue Sources and Strategy Differ from Yahoo’s? Which Online Ad Strategy Is Superior for Attracting Advertising from Small Companies? for Attracting Advertising from Large Companies? Defend Your Position.1427 Words   |  6 Pagesincome for Google Inc (Wikipedia a, 2010). These advertisements administrated by Adwords generate revenue by cost-per-t housand (CPM) advertising, pay-per-click  (PPC) advertising and site-targeted advertising for text, banner, and rich-media ads (Wikipedia b, 2010). Feature like advertisement targeting which is refined with Internet Protocol  (IP) address exclusion is offered by Adwords (Inside Adwords, 2010). It is capable of controlling advertisement placements through methods such as location andRead MoreCommercial Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagesbring the chasers back to one of our stores and hand out our ice cream. This advertisement will show our companys sense of fun, the store’s social area and promote an active, healthy lifestyle. A QR code will be placed in our advertisements which will provide information about the company and future promotions. The cost to display the ad on MBC is $11,905 for one thirty-second advertisement (Austin et al.). These advertisements will be displayed during the highest viewership programs. Those shows are

Hamlet´s Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay - 1680 Words

Love in the forms of parent to child and from lover to lover is an addictive element which can result in loneliness and lead to madness to those who lose it forever. Hamlets relationship with Gertrude and Ophelia is quick to fall apart after he learns key information about his parentage. Both Gertrude and Ophelia provide him with love but are absent at a time when he needs it most; during the reign of his madness. Hamlets madness is partly evident due to his poor relationship with Gertrude and Ophelia, since they falsely love him then reject him by moving on with their lives. Both females have heavily contributed to the misogyny Hamlet develops. Ophelia and Gertrude disappoint Hamlet which leads him to become a misogynist which†¦show more content†¦Since Gertrude caused the death of King Hamlet, she is unable to be granted to heaven. Gertrude is viewed as an incenstous person to Hamlet since he tells her God will judge her based upon her acts of incest and murder. Gertrude s involvement with the murder of King Hamlet has cost her the mother-son connection with Hamlet which leads to him having an unstable relationship with Gertrude. Hamlet discovers elements of false love in Ophelia as he relates her flaws with Gertrudes. Ophelia is part of a plan to set up Hamlet which will determine whether he is truly mad in her love or otherwise. Her love is being used to play with Hamlets emotions. I will leave him and/ Suddenly contrive the means of meeting between him/ And my daughter (2.2: 209-211). Polonius decides he will use Ophelia to manipulate Hamlet by getting her to resurface his feelings and repressed love for her. By setting up this meeting between Ophelia and Hamlet, Polonius has objectified her love in effort to anger Hamlet. This act goes to show that Ophelia allows her love to be used as a method to better understand Hamlets madness. Ophelia clearly chooses to obey her father over her love for Hamlet. After learning that he was subject to Ophel ias false love, Hamlet becomes very rude in attitude towards her as he feels he has been chested. Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst thou be a breeder/ Of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest, butShow MoreRelatedHamlet s Attitude And Treatment Of His Mother1522 Words   |  7 PagesModern folklore suggests women look at a man s relationship with his mother to predict how they will treat other women in their life. Hamlet is a good example of a son s treatment of his mother reflecting how he will treat the woman he loves because when considering Hamlet s attitude and treatment of the Ophelia in William Shakespeare s play, Hamlet, one must first consider how Hamlet treated his mother. A characteristic of Hamlet s personality is to make broad, sweeping generalizations andRead MoreThe Role Of Women Throughout Shakespeare s Hamlet 1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Women in Hamlet In today’s society, women have many rights and freedom to make their own decisions and have their own say towards their own issues and role. However, years ago it was considered normal for women to be oppressed and how no choices but obey men in their lives. The roles of women in Hamlet by Shakespeare are simply weak since they are dependent on the male models in their lives, allow them to make their decisions and they do not have strong voices within the play’s societyRead MoreConflict Between Hamlet And Laerte By William Shakespeare1564 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Hamlet, several characters die. For most, this happens through combat, such as the duel between Hamlet and Laerte, which kills them both. In the play, however, two characters die in quick, seemingly careless ways. The first, the fair Ophelia, is killed by her own madness in what seems to be suicide. The other, Gertrude, dies due to the carelessness of her husband, who accidentally poisons her. In both o f these cases, their deaths, and the events that led to them, represent a differenceRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, it is clear that Hamlet’s character is truly a puzzled one. It is no secret that Hamlet is displeased with his life and the relationships around him. William Shakespeare in evaluating Hamlet’s relationship with his mother Gertrude and lover Ophelia creates an interesting love-hate relationship. Gertrude and Ophelia both deeply care for Hamlet but he does not seem to recognize that love and is instead blinded by his father’s revenge. Throughout the play,Read MoreThe Lady Of Shalott, By William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, has become a staple in contemporary society. Apart from the multitude of ingenious in this play, the character of Ophelia particularly places great importance on modern day woman. Ophelia’s im portance throughout the play has been many times viewed as only her relation to Hamlet and the effect she has on him. Ophelia is important not just in this sense, but in respect of what she tells the reader about the society she lived in, in contrast to the society one livesRead MoreVillage Is With No Reservations, One Of ShakespeareS Most1636 Words   |  7 Pageswith no reservations, one of Shakespeare s most perplexing plays. In spite of the fact that the play has a succinct story, it is loaded with numerous instabilities identifying with various issues behind I think Shakespeare made it an indicate be for conflicting to add to the numerous riddles of Hamlet s character and in addition enable perusers to identify with Hamlet?s complex personality. That is the thing that makes a play so intriguing to a reader?s mind?when one can put themselves in the shoesRead More The Love Of Hamlet For Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesThe Love Of Hamlet For Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is without any reservations, one of Shakespeares most mystifying plays. Although the play has a concise story, it is filled with many uncertainties relating to different issues behind the plot. The reader is left with many uncertainties about the true feelings of prince Hamlet. One question in particular is, did Hamlet really love Ophelia? This dispute can be reinforced either way, however I believe Hamlet was truly in love withRead MoreElizabethan England - The Period Of William Shakespeare1801 Words   |  8 Pageswere socially degraded and taught they were inferior to men. In his play, Hamlet, Shakespeare s perception is thoroughly displayed as women are victimized and presented as inferiors; objects that assist or hinder the action of men. Specifically, Gertrude and Ophelia are displayed as instruments of deceit, fragile-minded women with a dependence on men, and the cause for their own source of maltreatment and degradation. Gertrude almost immediately falls under the em otional spell of Claudius and allowsRead MoreThe Feminist Side Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1415 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Hamlet written by Shakespeare, a young prince is trying to avenge the untimely murder of his father. Later on, Hamlet pretends to be insane, when finding that his father is dead and then uses others to get what he needed. As this happens a girl about Hamlet’s age struggles with Polonius her father and Laertes her brother. Poor Ophelia is unable to fight back all those against her as she slowly goes insane. Ophelia has the idea that she doesn’t like to be undermined and tries to createRead MoreHamlet Attitudes Towards Women : Being Hatred Or Not Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pages1302 Critical research paper 11 November 2016 Hamlet attitudes towards women: being hatred or not. In William Shakespeare play, the chief protagonist hamlet shows a negativity view towards women in his life. Hamlet consider that his mother and Ophelia have deceived him through their action; Gertrude married only a mother after hamlet father died and Ophelia heeds her father right not to see hamlet despite confessing her love to him. In this way hamlet views this two women as a fragile and too dependent

Environmental Assessment of Coal Mining

Question: Write about theEnvironmental Assessment of Coal Mining. Answer: Introduction Coal is one of the important minerals in Australia is majorly mined in New South Wales. The primacy of coal mineral is that it used in electricity supply in Australia and it is also exported to eastern Asia countries. The mining of coal has been criticized in Australia as having a deleterious impact on the environment because of the emissions of carbon dioxide during the combustion process. The courts have also revealed a sustained commitment to enforce the environment rights and protect the society from the harmful effects of environment destruction. The object of exercise of this research is to determine the environmental regulations that guide coal mining in Hunter Valley New South Wales. It will explicate the primary factors that are considered before leave to mine coal is granted. This research will evince a robust application of legal principles derived from legislations and case laws. Environmental Assessment of Coal Mining: Requirements and Public Participation Environmental assessment is inevitable in the coal mining base in New South Wales because of the acute need to mitigate the hazardous environmental impacts. The Minister of Planning is bestowed with a moral imperative of putting the best interest of the environment at heart and be vigilant to protect and preserve it as he considers whether or not consent for mining should be granted (Sec. 74 Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 (NSW)). Requirements It is important that before an environmental assessment is conducted an application is sent to the Director-General so that one can receive the environmental assessment requirements required to undertake coal mining in Hunter Valley. Under the old law Major Projects according to Part 3A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) include coal mining. The new law repealed Part 3A and introduced State Significant Infrastructure under section 115U (4)) State and Regional Development SEPP 2011. It is instructive to note that coal mining is a state significant project because it has a humongous impact on the environment and the economic and is within the local government of Hunter. Coal mining in Hunter Valley is guided by the fact that significant state development can be done within the government areas of local area of upper hunter. Therefore, the legal assessment requirements for coal mining in Hunter Valley will be based on the standard of coal mining recognized as st ate significant in the repealed law. As a matter of course, mining and extraction activities have been recognized pursuant to the State Environmental Planning Policy (State and Regional Development) (2011 sch. 2) as a state significant project. It is prudent that the person that is making the application to develop a state significant project such as coal mining must be done through an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (sch.2 Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000). The Minister for Planning shall give consent to any person that seeks to pursue a state significant project such as in the Hunter Valley (Sec. 89D Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 NSW). Before consent is given by the minister for environment in the case of state significant projects one must have an aquaculture permit (Sec. 144 Fisheries Management Act 1993 (NSW). In addition, one must have a mining lease that has in accordance to section 51 Mining Act 1992 (NSW). A mining lease is an indication that one has been has the legal right to undertake the mining process. In the state significant project one must have a license for environment protection as has been envisaged in Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (NSW) section 43. In case the coal mining activity in Hunter Valley is likely to disrupt public roads one also seek consent form the road authority (sec. 138 Roads Act 1993 (NSW)). An exploration license is also required for the assessment of mining of Coal under Section 29 of the Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 (NSW). The development application must contain the total capital investment value that will be required for the development. The application must explain the nature of development that is to be carried out and the extent to which it is going to affect the economy and the environment (sch.1 Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000). The application for development must contain all the authority consents that have been prescribed under section 89K of Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979. Ideally, for coal mining in hunter valley water that sourced from any natural source of water such as river, one should have a water access license (Sec. 60A of the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW)). The proponent is also required to have a assessment lease pursuant to Section 33 of the Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 (NSW) which is intended to impose rights on the proponent over the area identified with deposits of coal but it does not give the right to begin the mining. The assessment lease only permits the proponent to conduct a general assessment of the coal (Section 73 of the Mining Act 1992 (NSW)). Public Participation One of central goals of the Environmental Planning and Assessment law in Australia is to promote public participation during planning and assessment of mining activities (Sec. 5 (c) of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)). Public participation among the community in Hunter Valley will enhance confidence in the public because it promotes transparency and accountability. The ascendancy of public participation in the assessment process is that it ensures the suggestions that are surmised by the public are incorporated into the decision (Innes and Booher, 2000 p.6). Public participation gives the public the opportunity to make propositions of preferences in policies and the planning. There many minority groups in Hunter Valley that that may be forgotten because of the complex government procedures that is undertaken. Public participation therefore ensures that the voice of these minority groups is put into consideration. According to Schedule 1, clause 21(3) of the M ining Act 1992 (NSW) Companies that seeks to mine Coal must serve a notice to the landowners within 21 days after they have made the application for consent. For State significant project, Section 89F of the Environmental Planning and Assessment (Part 3A Repeal) Act 2011 (NSW) requires that mining companies should send the application documents and other vital documents to the public exhibition for a period of 30 days. The Mining Act and the Petroleum (Onshore) Act do not contain an express provision that requires direct notification stakeholders but rather they require that applicants must the put a notice on the newspaper indicating the details of the application. However, in New South Wales direct consultation with stake holders has been encouraged. Pursuant to Section 142 of the Mining Act 1992 (NSW) an access arrangement must be made between the landowners and the people who intend to commence the mining process. If the parties do not arrive at a plausible conclusion an access arrangement may be made through an arbitral process (Part 8, Div. 2 of the Mining Act 1992 (NSW)). Relevant Duties of Decision-makers According to section 87 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) the minister has the duty to ensure that he defines the approach that will adopted in the assessment. The minister has a duty to serve a notice if the decision that has been made on the approach of assessment within 10 days after he has made the decision. Pursuant to section 136 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) before making a decision with regard to the application the minister should take into account economic and social factors, the precepts of ecological sustainable development and any advice that may have ben given by the independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development. It bears noting that according to Tarkine National Coalition Incorporated v Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2013) the minister does not have an obligation to take into account cumulative effects and the failure of it will not be an excuse for obscuring justice. In the case of Phosphate Resources Ltd v Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts (No 2) (2008) it was affirmed that the minister has the duty to ensure that he is guided by the contents of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Under section 79 c of Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) the decision makers must have the interest of the public while making the decision and must see that the site is suitable for the mining activity. In Kennedy v NSW Minister for Planning (2010) the court held that held that the duty to protect the interest of the aboriginal heritage is an epitome of the public interest duty envisaged by legislation. By dint of section 6 of the Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 (NSW) the decision makers have a duty to ensure that the environment New South Wales remains to be one of good quality and sanctioning ecologically sustainable practices. They should ensure that the miming activities undertaken pose less risk to human life within the environment. In a bid to promote the precautionary principle it has been decided in the case of Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council (2006) that the decision makers have a duty to prevent irreversible damage to the environment as they make an evaluation of the application and prepare to make a decision. It was also noted that alternative options should also be devised to promote effectiveness of the process. Rights of Members of the Public to Appeal Any Consent Pursuant to section 97(1) of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 any individual that is not contended with the determination of the decision making authority has the right to appeal to the Land and Environment Court within 12months after being served with the notice of the consent making authority. A member of the public has the right to appeal to the Land and Environment court if the consent authority has not made a decision 40 days after the days of receipt of the application ( sec. 109k Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979). Conversely, the Land and Environment Court Act 1979 under part 3 has the jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals concerning Environmental planning and protection. A person making such a peal may appear in court in person or may do so through a representative such as an advocate (Sec. 63 Land and Environment Court Act 1979). Conclusion Ideally, it can be argued that public participation promotes justice to the members of the surrounding community because it encourages democracy which is fundamental tenet of good governance. On the other hand, it is imperative to note that the surge in the eminence of climate change has given rise to many environmental regulations of coal mining at the federal, state and international level. The environment assessment is conducted to promote the efficient extraction of coal enhancing checks and balances. References Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) Environmental Planning and Assessment (Part 3A Repeal) Act 2011 (NSW) Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) Fisheries Management Act 1993 (NSW) Innes, J.E. and Booher, D.E., 2000. Public participation in planning: new strategies for the 21st century. Land and Environment Court Act 1979 Kennedy v NSW Minister for Planning [2010] NSWLEC 129 esd Mining Act 1992 (NSW) Petroleum (Onshore) Act 1991 (NSW) Phosphate Resources Ltd v Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts (No 2) (2008) 162 LGERA 154, Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 (NSW) Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (NSW) Roads Act 1993 (NSW) State Environmental Planning Policy (State and Regional Development) (2011) Tarkine National Coalition Incorporated v Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities [2013] FCA 694 Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council [2006] NSWLEC 133 Water Management Act 2000 (NSW)